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The manufacture of
cosmetics is currently dominated by a small number of multinational
corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the
distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of
different businesses. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
which regulates cosmetics in the United States[3] defines cosmetics
as: "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing,
beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance
without affecting the body's structure or functions." This broad
definition includes, as well, any material intended for use as a
component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap
from this category.Beauty products are now widely available from
dedicated internet-only retailers, who have more recently been
joined online by established outlets, including the major department
stores and traditional bricks and mortar beauty retailers.Like most
industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government
agencies like the FDA, and have lobbied against this throughout the
years. The FDA does not have to approve or review the cosmetics, or
what goes in them before they are sold to the consumers. The FDA
only regulates against the colors that can be used in the cosmetics
and hair dyes. The cosmetic companies do not have to report any
injuries from the products; they also only have voluntary recalls on
products.
Though modern make-up has been used mainly by women traditionally,
gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics usually
associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer
is commonly used by cosmetic-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are
releasing cosmetic products especially tailored for men, and men are
using such products increasily more commonly.There is some
controversy over this, however, as many feel that men who wear
make-up are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men
wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, however, view this as
a sign of ongoing gender equality and feel that men also have rights
to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women could. |
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Pharmacy is the health profession that links the
health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is
charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of
pharmaceutical drugs. The word derives from the
Greek: f??µa??? , meaning "drug" or "medicine"(the
earliest form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek
pa-ma-ko, attested in Linear B syllabic script.The
scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional
roles such as compounding and dispensing
medications, and it also includes more modern
services related to health care, including clinical
services, reviewing medications for safety and
efficacy, and providing drug information.
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 Pharmacists,
therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the
primary health professionals who optimize medication use
to provide patients with positive health outcomes.An
establishment in which pharmacy is practiced is called a
pharmacy, chemist's or drug store. In the United States
and Canada, drug stores commonly sell not only
medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy
(sweets), cosmetics, and magazines, as well as light
refreshments or groceries.The word pharmacy is derived
from its root word pharma which was a term used since
the 15th–17th centuries. In addition to pharma
responsibilities, the pharma offered general medical
advice and a range of services that are now performed
solely by other specialist practitioners, such as
surgery and midwifery. Round brilliant cut diamonds The pharma (as it was referred
to) often operated through a retail shop which, in
addition to ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and
patent medicines. The pharmas also used many other herbs
not listed.Pharmacology is sometimes considered a fourth
discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is
essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific
to pharmacy. Therefore it is usually considered to be a
field of the broader sciences.
 Pharmacoinformatics
is considered another new discipline, for systematic
drug discovery and development with efficiency and
safety.Pharmacists are allied health professionals with
specialised education and training who perform various
roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their
patients through proper medication use. Many pharmacists
are also small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy
in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the
chemical synthesis mode of action of a particular drug,
and its metabolism and physiological effects on human
body in great detail, they play an important role in
optimisation of a drug treatment for an
individual.Pharmacists are represented internationally
by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP).
They are represented at the national level by
professional organisations such as the Royal
Pharmaceutical Society in the UK, the Pharmacy Guild of
Australia (PGA), the American Pharmacists Association (APhA),
and the Pakistan Pharmacists Society (PPS). See also:
List of pharmacy associations.In some cases, the
representative body is also the registering body, which
is responsible for the regulation and ethics of the
profession.
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In
the United States, specializations in pharmacy practice recognized
by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties include: cardiovascular,
infectious disease, oncology, pharmacotherapy, nuclear, nutrition,
and psychiatry.The Commission for Certification in Geriatric
Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice. The
American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other
medical professionals in applied toxicology.A pharmacy is the
place where most pharmacists practice the profession of pharmacy. It
is the community pharmacy where the dichotomy of the profession
exists—health professionals who are also retailers.Community
pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront with a dispensary
where medications are stored and dispensed. The opening of the first
drugstores are recorded by Muslim pharmacists in Baghdad in 754.In
most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation;
with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts,
equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the
case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary
compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing
trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the
pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. Pharmacy
technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in
their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient
safety issues.Pharmacies are typically required to have a pharmacist
on-duty at all times when open. It is also often a requirement that
the owner of a pharmacy must be a registered pharmacist, although
this is not the case in all jurisdictions, such that many retailers
(including supermarkets and mass merchandisers) now include a
pharmacy as a department of their store.Cosmetics are substances
used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics
include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks,
fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes,
permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays
and gels, deodorants, hand sanitizer, baby products, bath oils,
bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products.
A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to
colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. Many
manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care
cosmetics. The word cosmetics derives from the Greek ??sµ?t??? t????
(kosmetike tekhne), meaning "technique of dress and ornament", from
??sµ?t???? (kosmetikos), "skilled in ordering or arranging"[1] and
that from ??sµ?? (kosmos), meaning amongst others "order" and
"ornament". |
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